Advisors create a game plan to prepare clients for this retirement expense

There’s an expense lurking on the horizon for retirees that is largely unpredictable but likely: Long-term care.

With premiums skyrocketing on insurance policies designed to cover that cost, financial advisors are turning to a variety of other strategies to help clients prepare for a day when they might need help with daily living activities such as eating and bathing.

“The fact is we’re a country that excels at prolonging and extending life,” said Matthew Brennan, a certified financial planner and partner at Acorn Financial Services in Reston, Virginia. “The result is that the costs of care later in life, and the duration of the care, are lasting longer and longer.”

Someone turning 65 today faces a nearly 70% chance of needing LTC services during their remaining years, according to the U.S. Health and Human Services Department. On average, women need care longer (3.7 years) than men (2.2 years).

Related monthly costs can be eye-popping: a median $4,000 for care at an assisted-living facility ($48,000 yearly), $7,400 for a semi-private room in a nursing home ($89,000 a year), $4,200 for a home health aide ($50,400 annually) and $4,000 for homemaker services ($48,000 a year).

And, Medicare — relied on by most retirees — doesn’t cover LTC. (Skilled nursing care and rehabilitative services do get limited coverage related to certain hospital stays.)

For standard health care alone in retirement, the average 65-year-old couple will spend $285,000, according to an estimate by Fidelity Investments. LTC expenses would be on top of that.

For advisors, it means looking at the probability of a particular client needing care eventually — genetics and lifestyle can factor in — and evaluating available resources to recommend an option.

Depending on the specifics of your situation, it could make sense to purchase some form of insurance or to self-insure — that is, rely on your own assets — to fund the unpredictable costs related to LTC. Outside of that, leaning on family members or spending down (or shielding) assets to qualify for Medicaid-sponsored nursing-home care are options.

“It very much comes down to your personal situation, family history of needing long-term care and preferences for how and where you might receive care if you need it,” said CFP Katherine Fibiger, a partner and wealth advisor at Stratos Wealth Advisors in Westport, Connecticut.

Even then, it’s tricky to pinpoint a dollar amount involved. And, average costs can vary widely from state to state.

Niv Persaud, CFP and founder of Transition Planning & Guidance in Atlanta, recently estimated an LTC price tag of $300,000 for a female client whose husband has already passed away. The amount includes three years of in-home care, two years in assisted living and three years in a nursing home.

“The number of years in each level of long-term-care service is a guesstimate, since we really don’t know,” Persaud said.

The most straightforward solution — LTC insurance — has become too expensive a proposition for many consumers, contributing to a 60% drop in sales since 2012, according to the LIMRA Secure Retirement Institute. With claims exceeding expectations, many insurers also have fled the space.

“We’ve seen premiums double or triple in the last six or so years on policies issued in the early 2000s,” Brennan said.

The average annual LTC premium cost for a healthy 55-year-old couple is $3,050, according to the American Association for Long-Term Care Insurance. The value of benefits when they reach age 85 would be $773,000.

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In 2011, by comparison, $2,350 per year for a couple that age would have come with average benefits of about $800,000 at age 80. In other words, the cost was lower and the promised benefits were greater.

For clients with existing policies whose premiums are becoming unmanageable, it’s worth trying to negotiate with the insurer, Brennan said. For example, in exchange for keeping a lower premium, you could try to lower the policy’s built-in inflation adjustment, or reduce the maximum per-day benefit or duration of those benefits.

Some advisors recommend that clients consider a hybrid policy that combines life insurance with LTC coverage. That can be done through a new purchase or by converting an existing policy — term or whole — to the option.

“If you’re going to have life insurance anyway, you can see if you can protect against long-term-care, too,” Fibiger said.

While the particulars of each policy vary, the idea is that you can tap the death benefit during your lifetime if you need it to pay for LTC. Doing so reduces the amount that your heirs would inherit. Some hybrid options provide LTC coverage beyond the death benefit.

However, you generally need to be insurable — that is, pass medical underwriting — just as with a straight LTC policy.

You also typically need a pot of money to fund it. Some insurers ask for an upfront lump sum, while others allow you to spread the premium payments over a set number of years.

Also be aware that “chronic illness” riders are different from those for LTC.

“It’s contingent upon your condition being permanent,” Fibiger said. “Long-term care riders are less restrictive.”

Not all advisors are sold on these hybrid policies.

“We’re highly skeptical of the sustainability of the hybrid model,” Brennan said. “There’s not a ton of data out there about whether those paying strategies work over time across a large data sample.

“I think it’s not something we’d ever advise someone to rely on solely,” he added.

Nevertheless, they hold more appeal for consumers than straight LTC policies: In 2018, sales of life-LTC hybrids increased 5% over 2017, according to the LIMRA Secure Retirement Institute.

Sales for annuities with LTC riders, likewise, have grown, as well, rising 15% in 2017 vs. 2016, LIMRA’s latest available data show. For this option, a lump sum is used to purchase the annuity, which promises to pay out a certain amount at a certain point in the future. However, annuities tend to come with higher ongoing fees than other investments, and it’s another instance where you need a lump sum of money to make the purchase.

Sometimes a qualified longevity annuity contract, or QLAC, is an option, Persaud said. You purchase it using funds from a retirement account such as an individual retirement account or 401(k) plan, and then at a future date that you specify, you get guaranteed monthly payouts from it for the rest of your life (or your spouse’s).

It also lets you exclude the amount from required minimum distributions — which kick in at age 70½ for those retirement accounts — until age 85. When the income stream starts, it can be used however it’s needed (including for LTC costs).

The maximum that can go into a single QLAC is either $130,000 or 25% of the value of your retirement accounts, whichever is less. And, you must start taking the payments by age 85.

You also can consider self-insuring. Brennan said his firm is recommending the strategy more often to clients, who tend to be wealthier. For married couples who have big entertainment or travel budgets, those expenses typically drop significantly when one spouse needs LTC.

“If the healthy spouse isn’t going to spend at the same level the couple was jointly, those long-term-care costs can be accommodated in the regular distribution process,” Brennan said.

Real estate also is an option for funding those expenses.

“Once you bring long-term care into the equation, anything and everything is on the table,” Brennan said. “So you have to consider equity in a home.

“That could mean getting a reverse mortgage, or an equity line of credit that you don’t draw on unless you need care, or the full sale of the home,” he added.

Persaud, of Transition Planning & Guidance, has recommended to one client that she should plan on selling her vacation home at a future date to fund potential LTC costs.

The other aspect that goes into the decision-making often is client experience, advisors say. That is, people who have been caregivers for an elderly parent might be more likely to stretch their budgets to accommodate an LTC insurance option than a wealthy person who has never faced the challenges that come with providing care.

Some people end up trying to move assets out of their ownership so they can qualify for Medicaid, which —unlike Medicare — covers LTC. It’s generally available to people who have no more than a few thousand dollars in assets and meet strict income tests.

However, there’s a “five-year lookback” when you apply for Medicaid. That means that asset transfers made the five years leading up to the application are considered and would make the applicant ineligible for Medicaid services for a period of time.

As for when people should get serious about exploring the best way to fund those potential later-in-life costs, the half-century mark is a good one.

“I usually recommend people starting looking at it in their 50s,” Fibiger said. “It absolutely should be part of someone’s retirement planning.

“Whether you should purchase insurance is another conversation, but you at least should have a plan.”